Organization is social arrangement for controlled performance of collective goals

Organization is social arrangement for controlled performance of collective goals Organizational structure: Consists of activities such as task coordination, allocation and supervision, which are directed towards the employees, get the organizational aims. It can be considered as the glass or outlook through which individuals see their organization and its environment. Some organizations have hierarchal structures. Work Specialization: A manager gives the task to his employees and makes the subgroups or division of labor, employees will perform better task according to their work experience and skill. For example Honda Car Company makes the subgroups; they will divide their employees into many categories. 1st worker to design the car 2nd worker to paint the car 3rd worker to put the front and back wheel of the car another person to install the engine of the car and so on. Advantage In work specialization workers get expert to his work and there will be rare chances of mistake. Disadvantage By doing the repeated work again and again employees feel bored what they do. Departmentalization In departmentalization jobs are divided into many levels. There are many types of departmentalization which are given below: 1. Functional departmentalization In this type of departmentalization group of people combine together. They perform common task that use common technology, and material. For example HR, Finance, etc. Advantages In functional departmentalization one function is adopted by one department. Disadvantages There is poor management in functional departmentalization. Communication problem will arise in functional departmentalization. 2. Product departmentalization This is a type of departmentalization in which products are divided according to the type of product. For example Nestle company. Advantages: Work experience will be more improved; many salesmen sell the product again and there work skill is improved in product departmentalization. In this product department management of other functional activities is passing to manager. Disadvantages: In product departmentalization administration cost will arise. Another disadvantage of this departmentalization is that it cut of the department from the other parts of the process. This department may be became very extremely distributed with its individual task in its place performing arts in habits that will profit in generally production process and firms. 3. GEOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENTALIZATION In this departmentalization grouping actions are performed on the basis of field. E.g. Coca Cola Company has focused the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s procedure in twice large Geographic areas-the northern American sector and the international sector, which can be embraced the Pacific Rim, the European community, northeast Europe, Africa and Latin American groups. Advantages: It has an advantage to get quick response of different markets. According to geographic costs are kept low. If there is geographical departmentalization then employees know the culture and languages of existing place through which they can deal their customers easily. Disadvantages It has a disadvantage duplication problems will be create in firm cases. Another disadvantage it has complex to manage across department. 4. Process departmentalization: In this type of departmentalization only one specific work is given to each unit. 5. Customer departmentalization: Departmentalization in which task and jobs are performed according to the needs and wants of customers. E.g. A cross functional team consisting of managers from accounting, finance, and marketing is created to prepare a technology plan. Chain of command: Order in which power and authority in an organization is wielded and pass on top management to every employee at every level of the organization information flow downward along the chain of command and accountability flows upward. E.g. military is an example of straight chain of command which extend in unbroken line from the top self confidence to in ranks. This is also called line of command. Span of control: The span of control is a word to make in organization theory, but now used more normally in business management, particularly human resource management span of control to refer the number of subordinates supervisor has. There are two way of span of control Tall and narrow Flat and wide Tall and narrow: This type of organization size of structure is tall and narrow. In tall organization there is large number of hierarchy level. This implies a narrow span of control. Advantages: In tall organization employees can easily solve the problems because there is less burden of work. Disadvantages: In tall organization communication problems will be arising, as decisions take time to à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“filter downà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. In tall organization same task passes through too many levels. There may arise conflict with each others due to large level of hierarchy. Flat and wide: This type of organization size of structure is flat and wide. In flat organization there is Small number of hierarchy levels. This implies a wide span of control. Advantages: More chances for delegation in flat organization. In flat organization Small number of steps on promotional ladders. Disadvantages: In flat organization Manager may have more than one of the numbers of employees. Growth of organization may be limit or hinder in flat organization. Centralization: Centralization the degree to which authority for making most decision at the top level of the organization. Top level manager take the decision there will no interference of lower level of the organization in centralization. Procedures, policies and records can be standardized transition-wide in centralization. Decentralization: The degree to which authority for making decision of all hierarchy levels of the organization. Matrix structure: The type of structure in which an organization hold team of people make the various section of business. When team makes the specific project for any purposes they are guided by a project manager. Often the team will only exist for the time of project and structures are usually deployed to create a new products and services. Advantages: Authorities and responsibilities can be shared among each others. There is less conflicts among each others. Disadvantages: If the project manager creates a project teams a lot of costs can be increased. Matrix structure is not suitable for small organization. Organizational culture: It is an idea in the field of management and organizational studies which can be describes the experience, attitudes, beliefs, psychology and value (cultural values and personal) of an organization. The values and norms that are shared by groups and peoples in an organization they control the path of which they can relate with each others and with stakeholders exterior of organization. There are four types of cultures which can be below. Power culture Role culture Person culture Task culture Power culture: Power culture is a culture in which one organization has more authority over another organization. .e.g. state bank has more authority over all the banks of Pakistan. If state bank of Pakistan takes changes in their laws or regulations then the banks all over Pakistan will follow the state bank of Pakistan. Role culture: Role culture is a culture in which each company divide themselves into many functions and after that they give every employee a specific role. Every employee got specialized in that role which increases organization productivity. Person culture: Person culture is a culture which emphasize on aim of organization. The target of the organization is to complete their aim. These cultures are found in those organizations which are not profit oriented. Task culture: Task culture is a culture which is submitted to a team to perform a specific task. The task is performed according to a due date. Task culture has some benefits because an employee feels inspired because he/she is selected in team to perform a task. Affect of organizational culture The affect of organizational culture depends upon the organization. If an organizational culture will be strong then it will make every employee to work hard or to become more efficient. It includes workers, staff, CEO Etc. some people get bored while doing their job which can affect the organization. By having strong culture it creates the enjoyment in job which leads to do more effort. Organization culture helps the employee to keep them on top; if the workers are satisfied according to the culture of organization then they wonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t leave the job, which leads to stay in their own organization. A strong organizational culture attracts more talented people towards itself. So if the organization culture will be strong then it will create positive affect and if it is weak then it will be negative. Affect of organizational structure the structure of an organization is important to the performance of the organization. Two basic features of an organization structure are its width i.e. spans of control its height i.e. the levels of decentralization. From different observations done by different researchers it is stated that the change in the organizational structure, through its shape in terms of width and height, would affect the whole organizational performance. According to researchers and theorists there are two possible models of structures. 1-Flat: It consists of cross-functional team, with low formalization, possessing broad information and relying on fast decision making. 2-Tall: Its structure would be the opposite i.e. widespread departmentalization, high formalization, limited information and centralization. Therefore, the Flat model of structure would have the maximum width (span of control) but the minimum height (level), while the Tall model of structure would have the reverse, minimum span of control and maximum level. These are illustrated in Figure 1.

Responsibility for employees Essay

I and two other individuals have agreed to start a business that will provide management consulting services to nonprofit organizations. Because of the increased scrutiny on actions of corporations and those who act on behalf of organizations, we have determined that it would be essential to have our ethics program developed before we start offering our services. A business as a moral agent must prove that it has an effective ethics program to protect employees, the corporation, and businesses that the company will serve. It is also important to have an ethics program to support the ethical values of our corporation and to make it clear to employees what is acceptable behavior, and to make clear what policies and standards are to be followed in our consulting company. It has been proven that businesses who take these steps to prevent misconduct by making the code of ethics clear for their company have had great success with no reputation damage for a period of at least five years for some (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2008). Code of Ethics: A: Standards and Procedures: Responsibility of employees to one another and including management and owners shall be as follows: All employees and personnel of MCS are required to observe the highest standards of personal, professional, and business conduct. Compliance with applicable laws and regulations is the minimum standard in fulfilling ethical duties and responsibilities. Management Consulting Services endeavors to practice honesty, fairness, and integrity in all our dealings with one another, the public, the business community, stockholders, clients, and suppliers alike. This requires that we all take responsibility in ethical decision-making and recognize that all actions must reflect the highest ethical practices. Failure to follow the practices and policies of this Management Consulting Services firm can result in discipline, up to and including termination. All personnel working for MCS will be required to read these Ethics Guidelines and a signature of acknowledgement and consent to work under these terms is required. Responsibility to our Clients. Management Consulting Services will serve our clients with integrity, competence, and without bias. MCS will keep  confidential all client information and records of our clients engagements. MCS will use proprietary client information only with the client’s permission. MCS will not allow misuse of confidential client information by our firm or its consultants. MCS will not allow conflicts of interest, which supply a competitive gain to a client through our use of confidential information or property from another client who is a direct competitor without that competitor’s authorization. MCS does not recruit employees of a client or assist them in getting employment elsewhere except by express permission and prior consultation with the client (DiMatteo & DiMatteo, 2001). Responsibility of Management. MCS will not engage in any consulting assignment unless we have a consultant who is qualified to perform it based on their expertise and competency. MCS will assist our fellow consultants in developing their qualities; support them in practicing the Code of Ethics of this profession, and work together with our consultants in a constructive manner. Management Consulting Services will continue to keep our professionals educated by developing their knowledge, skills, and techniques through updated management consulting classes and seminars to remain experts in our professional consulting business. Prior to commencing the execution of any consulting obligation, MCS will ensure that the objectives, range of work, proposal , the professional fees and payment arrangements have all been agreed upon with the client in writing. MCS will immediately concede any influences on our objectivity to our clients and will offer to withdraw from a consulting engagement when a conflict of interest or integrity may be impaired. MCS will document all reports submitted to clients. This will maintain continuity of understanding of the client’s problems and the solutions that have been created for the client in order to have a reference when necessary. MCS will charge reasonable fees that are proportionate with the consulting services we provide, time that we spend, and equivalent to our expertise. MCS does not accept any commissions, fees, or compensation from other parties in connection with any recommendation to a client to purchase equipment, materials, or services as a result of our consulting engagement (Consulting, 2006). MCS will not advertise our services in an illusory or overstated manner or in any other way that may harm the integrity of the profession of management consulting. All clients of Management Consulting Services and all parties involved are required to read  and sign an acknowledgement of these terms and conditions. B. Ethics Training Program: Ethics training programs are part of the necessary growth if all companies. Ethics training programs when given at least yearly will foster positive morale among employees and encourage employees to make right choices based on ethics training. Ethics training will also furnish guidelines for protection in liability. The perception of a business is readily determined by the ethics that company projects among its employees, the environment, and the community. If a company has a reputation of having integrity, employees as well as customers and colleagues will be highly honored to be part of or associated with this business (Gordon, 2006). MCS will mandate online Ethics training to be taken yearly for each employee and all other personnel. The MCS individual will be given 30 days to complete the online training to be completed each year no later than 30 days after the date of hire, i.e. date of hire 06/10/2011, a particular employee would have until 07/10 of every year after their employment date to take the yearly online ethics training and have their completion page signed and sent in to the HR Ethics Manager. The PC online training would encompass four specific areas: Enforcement of company rules. Ethical behavior regarding the environment in relation to company property and liability issues. C. Monitoring, Auditing, and Reporting Ethics Violations: The Board of Directors would be in charge of the Code of Ethics for our company and subject to its rules and regulations. We three would be the committee and I am the Ethics manager and officer. Any and all concerns should be turned in via the online program for anonymous purposes and be directly handled by our committee. The employee and all personnel for our company may still contact the Ethics Officer personally if that is the more comfortable way to deliver the ethics concerns and perceived violations. The Ethics committee would be responsible for developing and interpreting policies and procedures for ethics concerns. Quarterly department meetings for interpretation of ethics policies and procedures. Discuss briefly weaknesses with understanding of ethics policies and procedures and answer questions from employees regarding any of the policies or procedures. Explain the monitoring, auditing, and reporting process and again answer questions employees or personnel may have. Monitoring, Auditing, and Reporting of Misconduct. The Ethics officer would be solely responsible for monitoring the online reporting by employees and personnel and take appropriate measures to resolve possible fraud or misconduct as reported to include private discussion with the accused to avoid legal action if possible, and misunderstandings that occur due to lack of full understanding of the company ethics and procedures policies and standards of conduct. This online system would be directly connected to the Ethics officer’s inbox designed outside of email and strictly through the reporting system and not accessible by other personnel. Auditing would include the effectiveness of operations, the credibility of financial reporting, preventing, and examining for fraud, asset protection, and compliance to laws and regulations of state and Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations and compliance with Sarbanes – Oxley Act. Reporting of misconduct can be done in two ways. An employee or personnel may turn it in through the computer online ethics guideline program anonymously or ask for a private meeting with the ethics officer to reveal the perceived misconduct and be protected without fear of retribution. All reports whether to the ethics officer or through the online anonymous reporting system would be strictly confidential and automatically protect the reporting individual. Rewards for following  the ethics policies and procedures. Additional Paid Time Off at 1 day per year up to the first four years. After the fifth year of employment the paid time off will accrue at 2 additional days per year. A plaque will be awarded to the employee voted on for employee of the year. The employee or personnel will also receive dining tickets made out to favorite restaurant for $30. Disciplines to include. First warning with defining issues, explaining the policies, and retraining. Second warning will include possible suspension along with retraining and possible restitution by employee if necessary. Third could include termination or plea to Ethics committee for continuation of employment with demerit on pay scale and possible demotion. If legal proceedings develop from a violation then termination is absolute. D. Ethics Program Review and Improvement: The ethics committee will determine on a yearly basis if improvements are needed in specific ethics areas and will discuss and implement updates in all areas pertinent. This will be done through review of online suggestions employees and personnel have offered as part of their yearly online ethics training. An ethical checklist will be used to determine proper growth for the company regarding the ethics culture of our company and to determine needed changes for that growth (McNamara, 1992). Education of updates on a yearly basis in conformance with internal auditing standards to include the following: Ethics Programs. IT governance. Fraud risk management. Technology based audits, due professional care. Prohibition from managing risk. Records retention. References Consulting, F. P. (2006). Our Code of Conduct. http://focalpointconsult.com/?category_name=our-code-of-conduct . DiMatteo, B. C., & DiMatteo, G. (2001, March 10). Code of Ethics. http://www.atlanticconsultants.com/about/code-of-ethics.htm . Ferrell, O., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2008). Developing an Effective Ethics Program/Implementing and Auditing Ethics Programs. In O. Ferrell, J. Fraedrich, & L. Ferrell, Business Ethics Ethical Decision Making and Cases (pp. 4-85). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Gordon, A. (2006, April 6). Ethics Training Programs For Employees. EzineArticles.com/3952220 McNamara, C. M. (1992). Complete Guide To Ethics Management. http://managementhelp.org/businessethics/ethics-guide.htm#anchor41892 .

A Relationship With Child Welfare - 2088 Words

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